International Workshop on "Women and Science / Technology" Network in Asia

国際ワークショップ
東アジアにおける「女性と科学/技術」
International Workshop on “Women and Science/Technology” in East Asia

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国際ワークショップ
東アジアにおける「女性と科学/技術」


　ここにご紹介するのは、2012年1月30日、31日にお茶大で行われた標題のワークショップの発表内容です。このワークショップは、小川が2010年度の柿内賢信記念賞の学会賞を授与され、その研究助成金で開催したものですが、会場は参加者にとって便利なお茶大のジェンダー研究センターを利用させていただくことができました。ご尽力くださった舘かおる教授に、心からのお礼を最初に申しあげたく思います。

　2006年にトヨタ財団からの助成金のみならず科研費の企画プログラムも加わって潤沢な資金を得ることができ、はじめて日本で理系女性研究者、理系女子学生に関する社会学的な研究を立ち上げることが出来ました。以来、そのときの参加者が韓国（2007）や台湾（2008）で、同様のワークショップを規模を拡大しながら継承してくださり、かなり強固な仲間意識をもって、協力し合う体制が出来てきてきました。

　1年の中断があったものの、2010年に4Sの国際会議が東京で開催され、最後まで残してあったトヨタ財団の資金を有効に活用して、台湾からLi-Ling Tsai 先生をコメンテーターとしてお招きし、私たちのワークショップに関わってもらうことが出来ました。同年最初に述べた学会賞を「アジアにおける女性研究者に関する科学社会論的研究」をテーマに授与され、今回のワークショップ開催が可能となったのです。

　近年の韓国における女性研究者支援策はめざましく、韓国の女性研究者比率はここ数年で日本を上回り、さらにその差を大きくしつつ、順調な経済発展の基盤をなしていると言われています。翻ってわが国はといえば、文科省によるさまざまな女性研究支援策にもかかわらず、未だ女性比率は大きくは動き出していません。この様な状況の原因を探るため、個別の研究発表のほか、今回はかなり数値的な比較へと収束させることを狙いました。日本の人口規模の半分が韓国、韓国の半分が台湾といった数値関係にあるものの、私たち東アジアの3国はいずれも女性研究者の増加をめざしています。

　ここでは、まず個々の研究発表が中心ですが、現在各種の数値の擦り合わせを行っており、遠からずその成果をお目にかけることができるよう、協力し努力したいと思っています。これをもって最初のごあいさつといたしたいと思います。


三重大学人文学部　　小川眞里子

Positive Action in Japan

Yukiko Miura (University of Tokyo)


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The presentation is to review the two policy programs for women in science and technology fields by the Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology (MEXT), and to discuss about the positive action projects by some institutions.
The first program is “Supporting activities for female researchers” which started on FY 2006 as one of special coordination fund for promoting science and technology. It has promoted the support projects for female researchers by 55 universities and research institutions, however was decided to finish on the end of FY2013 with the completion of the special coordination fund. As the projects, the institutions carried out setting the nurseries and counseling rooms, opening the office for the supporting female researchers and holding the symposium for enlightening the faculty members for three years.

This program exactly provided the better circumstances for the researchers on the campus. However the ratio of female researchers in these institutions did not increase at all. The University of Tokyo’s objective that the ratio of female researchers in new adoptions has reached 25% was not achieved by finishing the program. One of the biggest reasons could be the decrease of faculty positions since incorporation of national universities on 2004. Many institutions have been insisted on keeping the activities of education and research by the fixed-term professors and researchers who are employed using the project fund. The ratio of women in the fixed-term employees could be higher than in the regular ones.

The second program is “Supporting positive activities for female researchers” which was accepted the five years plans to adopt many female professors into faculties by 12 universities on FY2009 and 2010. The universities spend the fund for start-up research expenses of new adopted women and part of their salaries. Some Universities prepare faculty positions for women under the president’s decision, and other ones spare the departments which adopted female faculty members the extra fixed-term positions (one + one action). Under the program, over 300 female researchers will get new positions in those universities by FY2015.

Exactly, some female researchers told that they applied such positions because the recruitments were specified to women and could believe the possibility to adopt. In Japan, many researchers consider that the selection would not be fair in the faculties. That might be one of the biggest problems to encourage women in academia.

On the other hand, there could be such opinions that this program would aggravate the recruitment system in the scientific fields. As mentioned above, total academic stable research positions in Japan are gradually decreased, and younger excellences are losing the interests in success in the academia.

Science for Junior- High School Girls in Japan 


Ginko KAWANO, Associate Professor
Yamagata University, Japan


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　　　My presentation is on girls’ attitude towards science using the questioner data collected from Junior-High School students.

1. Backgrounds
　　　“202030” is the goal set for gender equity by the Japanese government in 2003, the ratio of women leaders will be increased to 30% in all fields by the year of 2020. Scientist is defined as one of them. My presentation is about junior-high school girls in 1999 and 2000. This generation of students is now taking doctoral courses in 2011.
　　　The women student ratio in 2011is the following; science 17%, engineering 16%, agriculture 34%, health 33%.The average ratio of natural science has not reached the 30% goal. It is clear that increasing the number of girls who major in science related areas is vitally important to promote the women scientist ratio.

2. General view from previous studies
　　　According to most international surveys (TIMSS 1995, PISA 2006, etc.) and some domestic surveys (National Institute for Educational Policy Research 2001, Benesse Educational Research and Development Center 2006, etc.) clearly show at least the following two points;
1, Girls have a more negative attitude toward science than boys.
2. Girls negative attitude in Junior –High School is getting worse than in their elementary schools.
　　　Based on these findings, the reason why few girls major in science courses is their negative attitude toward science. This conclusion is right and seems to be forming the general view about ‘science and girls’. But the collaboration research which I was involved with (MURAMATSU ed.2004) is focused on three other points.

3. Other points from the collaboration research
　　　Firstly, the research data shows that girls dislike science more than boys in the 7th grade, they study all 9 subjects in Junior high. At the same time, this data also shows that girls do not completely dislike science. It means that the general view has some limitations.
　　　Secondly, the girls’ ratio of ‘dislike’ science are increasing more than boys from 7th to 8th grade. But it has also other side. If we focus on the girls’ ratio of change from disinterest to interest after entering the junior-high, it is 28.4%, almost the same as boys’.
　　　Lastly, what students’ recognize as the value of learning science in the 7th and 8th grade are two important points.
1. Girls recognize that the value of learning science is inside science as well as boys.
2. There are two statistically significant items related to their career, firstly education and secondly to find employment.
　　　These results show that the value of learning science for boys seems to be in benefiting their future academic achievement and career. That is boys tend to have an advantage in science. On the contrary, girls’ change to a positive attitude towards science is related to future family life.
　　　If our understanding is restricted to only the general view, we wouldn’t be able to find that girls’ attitudes towards science are variable and the general view makes the myth about ‘science and girls’ that girls have negative attitude towards science. Moreover this myth prevents building girls’ high self-confidence and raising peoples’ expectation for girls. It is one piece of the evidence that girls felt less expectation from their parents and teachers than boys. This lower expectation seems to originate from the general view, and these low expectations will help to reinforce girls more negative attitudes towards science. It creates a vicious circle.

4. Conclusion
　　　In conclusion, it is dangerous to believe in the myth about ‘science and girls’ from the general view. What is important is to firstly look at the positive side, secondly raise expectations and give more encouragement to girls to enhance the ratio of women scientists.

In my presentation, I would like to introduce Large-Scale Survey of Japanese Scientists and Engineers to the researchers among the East Asian countries, share its methodology, and finally explore the possibilities for the East Asia countries to construct this kind of extensive survey in order to enable international comparison in the near future. The focus will be on the methodology of the survey, not on its results.


1. Backgrounds
The science and technology basic Plan for the second term, which was approved by the cabinet in March 2001, emphasized effective usage of human resources and developments of diverse career paths. One of its focuses was to improve the working environment for female professionals in the science and engineering fields.
To address this issue, Japan Inter-Society Liaison Association Committee for Promoting Equal Participation of Men and Women in Science and Engineering (EPMEWSE) was established in October 2002, in order to promote a gender-equal environment and networking in the science and engineering fields, and to contribute to society as a whole.


2. Large-Scale Survey of Japanese scientists and engineers
In 2003, commissioned by MEXT as a research project under the Lifelong Learning Policy Office, a survey was conducted as part of EPMEWSE’s activities.
The purpose of the survey was to understand accurately the current situation, and to make recommendations regarding practical solutions and effective enlightening activities. Most of the previous surveys focused on female professionals, with the goal of raising their status to the same standard as males’. In contrast, this survey was conducted with cooperation of 39 academic organizations that belong to EPMEWSE, and a uniform set of questions was asked of every member in a science or engineering profession.
Data were collected not only from science and engineering professionals at universities and former national research institutions, but also from corporations, in order to provide broader-based findings for making recommendations.
In 2007, the second survey took over the first survey. It mainly targeted members of more than 60 associations joining of EPMEWSE, and it also invited subjects from various related fields, other than the members.
In 2012, the third survey is scheduled.






Outline of Surveys
1st Survey 2nd Survey
Period
Participation
Respondents
male
female
Way of distribution
Questionnaire


Time for answering
Publication


Summary (English) August 20 - November 19, 2003
39 academic societies
19,291
16,140 (83.7%)
3,104 (16.1%)
paper format and web format (96.5%)
24 questions



Diverse Visions of Scientists and Engineers in the 21st Century -For the Promotion of Gender Equality- (March 2004)
http://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/EPMEWSEreport.pdf August 21 - November 20, 2007
64 academic societies
14,110
10,349(73.3%)
3,761(26.7%)
web format
94 questions in 35 items:
almost all questions in the 1st survey + newly questions* + free description**
20-30 minutes
Large-Scale Survey of Actual Conditions of Gender Equality in Scientific and Technological Professions (July 2008)
http://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/h19enquete_report_en.pdf
* basic information such as occupation type, profession, and annual income, questions about work, fixed-term employment, spouse, and childcare, and questions about the recent laws and policies
** free description space given at the end


3. Toward the Future
East Asian countries separately began to collect data on women scientists and engineers. In order that each country should make use of the data of other countries, we are urged to share both data and their methodology. From this point of view, the methodology of Large-Scale Survey of Japanese Scientists and Engineers could be discussed as a possible statistical foundation among East Asian countries for the future.


References
Japan Inter-Society Liaison Association Committee for Promoting Equal Participation of Men and Women in Science and Engineering (EPMEWSE)
2004
Diverse Visions of Scientists and Engineers in the 21st Century -For the Promotion of Gender Equality-
http://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/EPMEWSEreport.pdf
2008
Large-Scale Survey of Actual Conditions of Gender Equality in Scientific and Technological Professions
http://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/h19enquete_report_en.pdf

Survey outcome of women scientists' family and career conditions in Taiwan

By Dr. Li-Ling Tsai, Ms. I-Fei, Wu (Graduate Institute of Gender Education, National Kaohsiung Normal U., Taiwan), & Dr. Chia-Li Wu (Department of Chemistry, Tamkang U., Taiwan) for the International Workshop on Women and Science/Technology in East Asia, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Jan. 30-31, 2012


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This research aims to investigate the family and career conditions of women scientists in the academia in Taiwan. A questionnaire survey was conducted during May 27 to August 31 in 2008 over internet. It contains 47 questions in four categories, including professional progress, marriage and family, career satisfaction, career self-assessment, and was distributed to 1655 female researchers applying for the National Science Grants in science, bio-medical, and engineering fields. Only 396 responses were received and 389 of them were effective.
For professional progress, more than 90% of the 389 respondents hold PhD degrees and acquire their first full-time jobs at the average of 33.7, which may cause them the conflicts between biology clock and tenure clock. For marriage and family conditions, 80% are married, among whom 50% have more than two children, while 25% have one child and 25% none. The respondents averagely spend 25 hours in caring and 12 hours in household work per week, which adds up totally to 1.31 hours more than the average of all working women. While more than 80% of them receive sufficient family support, almost 40% still feel distracted by caring and household needs during their work shift.
For career satisfaction, the satisfaction rates of all questions reach to about 40%-50%. However, when the satisfaction is based on comparison against their male colleagues, the satisfaction rates change. The respondents seem to stress more on the satisfaction when compared with male colleagues. As for whether their institutes should recruit more females, surprisingly only less than 30% agree and more than 50% feel their situations are OK. This outcome challenges the common thoughts that women scientists need more female colleagues and the institutes have to increase their percentages of female researchers.
Also, after Chi-square test, the career satisfaction rates differentiate significantly among different ranks of full, associate, and assistant professors. The full professors report the most satisfaction on their rank (90.2%), their allocated space (70.7%), laboratory support (59.5%), grants received (58.8%), professional invitations (61.4%), and honor granted (59.6%), which are far more than those of associate and assistant professors with only 30-40%. And the associate rank reports the least time of leisure 10.6 hours per week.
For career self-assessment, shortage of work time is the difficulty most (70%) respondents feel, as professional loneliness the second (40%), and in need of child care the third (30%). Teaching and supervising students compose their most workloads.
In sum, this survey shows the family and career conditions of women scientists in Taiwan. As it is an initial effort and has already disclose many interesting findings, further research is needed to explain further inquires, including international comparisons.

She Figures– Statistics and Indicators on Gender Equality in Science EU vs. Taiwan

Yen-Wen Peng,
Associate Professor, Public Affairs Management
National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan

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The Gender and Science Project (or Studies on Science Related Issues and Cultivation of Women Scientists) sponsored by National Science Council of Taiwan, is chaired by Professor Chia-Li Wu and 4 other co-chairs. The project period is from June 2011 to the end of 2013. There are three main parts in the project: 1) Encourage and cultivate women scientists and engineers; 2) Collect and share data/literature on gender and science research and ways of promoting women scientists and engineers; 3)Construct a gender and science database to enable international comparison.

As one of the co-chair, my assigned tasks cover mainly the last part, i.e. constructing a G&ST database and analyze the data. For this purpose, we need to find out the G&ST indicators that are often used internationally. Therefore, we reviewed several international databases, and decided to start with the EU framework−She Figures.
She Figures 2009 is the third publication (following She Figures 2003 and She Figures 2006) of a key set of indicators that are essential to correctly comprehend the situation of women in science and research. She Figures reflects a clear wish to develop pan-European harmonised statistics facilitating cross-national comparisons and to build a base of gender disaggregated data available at the EU-level that allows to track changes over time and that has great value both to increase knowledge and to inform policies.

Researchers and R&D expenditure data are collected through the R&D Survey, which since 2004 has been carried out as a joint data collection between Eurostat and the OECD. In addition, there are R&D data of Japan and the United States that are drawn from the OECD’s Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI).

There are over 50 indicators in She Figures, and divided into four chapters to illustrate the horizontal and vertical gender segregation in S&T fields. In my presentation, data from Taiwan are collected using the same standard definition with She Figures, i.e. the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 97) and International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 88). Some data of Taiwan are still not available and need to be produced later. Interpreting the similarities and differences between EU, Taiwan and some Japan data reveals some interesting hint, a task that my team plan to proceed more thoroughly after all data are confirmed valid.

In conclusion, this presentation suggests that we can draw on some ideas of She Figures, and develop a pan-East Asian framework/template for further collaboration and comparison.

Past, Present, and Future of Women in S & T in Korea

Eunkyoung Lee 李 恩 京


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This presentation is to review what happened to women in S&T in Korea during the last decade with the WISE(Women Into Science & Engineering) policy, to evaluate it and to make some suggestions for better future. In addition, it provides statistics on women in S&T in Korea for comparative analysis among Asian countries.
The issue of WISE policy was begun when leading women scientists and engineers recognized the big gap between women educated in S&T and women employed in R&D. In 2000, women are 52% among BA in science and 18% in engineering. Though in engineering, women at higher degrees were almost invisible, they were 35% of MA and 22% of PhD in science. In contrast to this high proportion in education, only 10% of R&D researcher was women.
Concerning with the issue, the Korean government institutionalized WISE policy. the Act of Fostering and Supporting Women in S&T was passed. And according to the Act, 5-year (master) plan for WISE was initiated and the NIS-WIST(National Institute for Women in S&T) was established as the central organization to carry out researches and many programs. Among the programs were comprehensive statistics on women in S&T, mentoring, R&E projects, Women only R&D fund, Recruitment Target System(RTS), and etc.
During the last decade, the percentage of women in science and engineering at every level has been increasing gradually. In science, women became more than half in BA, almost half in MA. Even among PhD in science, women are almost 1/3, the minimum for self-sustaining set by UNESCO. Women in engineering also have been growing, though relatively slower than in science. Further, women in R&D increased from 10% in 2000 to 16.7% in 2010. It is not clear how much the result was due to the WISE policy. However, we can say, at least, the WISE policy have some positive influence on the growth at graduate level and R&D employment.
Unlike the quantitative result, statistical analysis shows the possibility of the so called leaky pipe phenomena at every stage of life cycle: lower proportion of women in R&D than in education and fewer women at high positions and regular positions than men. It means that WISE policy should put more attention to entry stage of job market and support women to keep and develop their careers.
To build life cycle support system for women in S&T is the major goal of the 2nd 5 year plan (2009-2013). Existing programs were reorganized and some new programs were introduced for this goal: Promotion Target System(PTS), work-family reconciliation, and returner program. The idea is that the more successful working women in S&T, the more girls going into S&T.
To achieve the goal, WISE policy needs to be integrated in labour policy in general. And it needs to develop policy means to encourage the private sector, in both R&D or non-R&D, to hire more women in S&T.

History and Situation of East Asian
Workshops for Women Researchers

Mie University Mariko OGAWA


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History and Situation of the East Asian Workshops for Women Researchers


The East Asian Workshops for Women Researchers started in September, 2006, when the International Workshop of Women and Science/Technology Network in Asia was held in Nagoya for the first time. Before describing this workshop I will introduce two international workshops held in Paris and in Pohang in 2005.

A joint OECD‐French Government International Workshop on “Women in Scientific Careers:
Unleashing the Potential” was held in Paris and I gave a presentation, “The Present Condition and Problems of Women in Science and Technology in Japan.” After my presentation I felt many EU and OECD countries expected dispatching information from Asia on women researchers in science and technology. I was the only Asian participant. A second opportunity was brought to me by my being invited as a guest speaker at the APCTP international workshop. This experience made me realize that we need the chance to discuss women researchers in S&T in Asia. I was fortunate to win both a grant from the Toyota Foundation and a grant‐in‐aid for scientific research from MEXT.

The International Workshop of Women and Science/Technology Network in Asia was held with 17 speakers invited from China, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, and Japan. In all the countries, women researchers were strongly encouraged to continue their careers and various policies were implemented for the purpose of increasing the number of women students majoring in science and technology. However, it was difficult to find common bases for comparison among Asian countries. In June, 2007, “Symposium on Women and S&T” at the 21st Pacific Science Congress was held in Okinawa, Japan. Some of the members who had met for the first time in Nagoya in 2006 saw one another again and found new researchers. In July we invited two Taiwanese to Japan again in order to have a study meeting for statistical indexes. We opened our home page,
http://www.wstna.org/. This year was very fruitful because Prof. Lee was awarded APEC funding and she organized an APEC funded Workshop at Chonbuk National University in November, 2007. Many of us could join in the discussions again.

The International Conference on Woman Scientists was held in Yang‐Ming University, Taipei in 2008. In 2010 the 4S/JSSTS Joint Meeting was held in Tokyo in 2010. We could invite Prof. Tsai from Taiwan as a commentator on our workshop. Finally 2012 we gathered together to hold the International Workshop on Women and Science/Technology in East Asia. We now started compiling statistical comparisons for Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. 6 years have passed since we started this study. Now it is possible to compare statistical data for the three countries. It took a long time to arrive at this situation, because it was very rare to find sex‐disaggregated statistics in Asia at that time. 2012 is an exciting new starting for our cooperative study.